To identify signaling pathways underlying the cytotoxicity caused by ZnO nanoparticles.

Altogether 90 samples were analyzed originating from three biological replicates of HMDM, MDDC or Jurkat cells containg untreated control cells, ZnO or TiO2 treated cells with doses 1µg/ml and 10µg/ml. The sample timepoints were 6 hours and 24 hours.

HMDM and Jurkat cells were seeded in 24-well plates at a density of 1×106 cells/well and 1.5×105 cells/well respectively in a final volume of 1 ml and treated with the indicated concentrations of nanoparticles for the indicated times [7]. Immature MDDC were seeded in 6-well plates at a density of 4×105 cells/ml in a final volume of 3 ml [23]. Nanoparticle exposures were done in the culturing mediums without any cytokines.